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一．定义：用来修饰主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的从句。 二．用法 （一）关系代词引导的定语从句 1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句 代替人 代替物 代替人或物 主语 Who which that 主语 Whom which that 宾语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)
例１：This is the detective who came from London. 例２：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 例３：The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 例４：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in. ２．关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如： (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如： There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。 (6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征．品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。 (7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。 (8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you? ３．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构 (1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 (2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.. (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of. （二）关系副词引导的定语从句 1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。 2. that可引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因 That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。 （叁）关系代词和关系副词的选择依据 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分。作状语的应选用关系副词；作主语．宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。例如： This is the house where/ in which we lived last year. This is the house which/that/ / visited last year. (四)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 二者差异比较: 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，仅修饰先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义，主从句关系十分密切，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。 非限制性定语从句和主句关系不十分密切仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。例如： She has found the necklace (that)she lost two weeks ago. Yesterday I met Ling Ping, who looked very tired. （四）As在定语从句中的用法 1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 （１）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 （２）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如： The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. （３）the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的. I have bought the same watch as you have. 我买了一块和你一样的手表。（我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一块。） This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢的那块手表。（这手表和我丢的手表是同一块） 2．As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： (1) As is expected, the (2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone. 叁．特例： 先行词与定语从句隔离 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如： 1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.. 2) He was the only person in this country who was invited 四. 定语从句中的主谓一致 引导词在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词人称和数要根据引导词所指内容而定。例如： 1. Here are such sentences as are often used by the students. ( as指代sentences，谓语动词用are)。 2. I, who am a Party member, should work hard for our country.( who指代I, 谓语用am.)。 3. He was one of the students who were praised for it. ( who指代the students) 他是被表扬的学生之一。 4. He was the only one of the students who was praised for it. ( who 指the only one) 他是唯一被表扬的学生。 五．易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句 1. 定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“。。。的（名词）”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较： ① We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句中不作任何成分) ② We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday. (定语从句，that 作told 的宾语) 2. 定语从句与状语从句。试比较： ① He left the key where he had been an hour before. (where引导地点状语从句，相当于in the place where) ② He left the place where he lived for many years. (where 引导定语从句，修饰the place) ③ He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect. (as 引导定语从句) ④ He is such a good teacher that we all like him. (that引导结果状语从句,such…that… “如此…以致…” 3. 定语从句与主语从句。试比较： ① As is known to us all, paper was first made in (as 引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首) ② It is known to us all that paper was first made in (it 做形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句) 4. 定语从句与强调结构。试比较： ① It is the house where I met the young man. (where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语) ② It was in the house that I met the young man. (本句为强调结构，可还原为I met the young man in the house.) 下面咱们一起来分析几道定语从句的难题。 例1． It is the young man _______ looked for _______ caught the murderer. A. that …who B. that …they C . they …that D they…which 分析：答案是C。本题考查了定语从句和强调句式。强调句式的结构是 “It is + 强调部分 + that/who….”。they looked for前省略了关系代词 that,因为先行词the young man 在从句中做looked for的宾语。强调句 为It is the young man who/that caught the murderer.本句意思是“是那 个他们寻找的年轻人抓住了杀人犯”。 例2． Is this factory _______ we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D at which 分析：做这题首先要明白一个概念。被定语从句修饰的名词前一般都有the， 因为它已被限定。所以此题还原成陈述句应该是this factory is______ we visited last year. 而不是this is factory ______ we visited last year.知 道这一点后做题容易了，不能选A, B, D。因为句子没有先行词。所 以答案是C。从句前省略了关系代词that/which。题目如改为Is this the factory ________we visited last year? 空格处应该用which 或 that。 例3． The book, the cover _______ is broken, is not mine. A. of it B for C whose D of which 分析：答案是D。先行词the book 代入从句应该是 the cover of the book is broken.相当于whose cover。 例4． This is Mr Smith, _____ I think has something interesting to tell you. A . who B whom C. that D. x 分析：此题同学们容易错选B，认为先行词Mr. Smith做think 的宾语。I think , you think, do you think 等表明某人观点的短语是插入语。插入语的特 点是去掉不影响句子表达。所以做题时遇到插入语，先去掉，This is Mr. Smith, _______ has something interesting to tell you。很容易得到答案A. 例5． Who _______ has seen the TV film doesn’t admire it? A . that B who C which D as 分析：先行词是who，到是指人，可为了避免重复，不用who，而用能指代 人的that。答案是A。 例6． You can never imagine what great trouble I have had ________ the patient who Received a serious wound. A. treat B. to treat C treating D treated 分析：迷惑的答案是D，同学们容易根据had确定用过去分词。而做好这题， 关键是知道句型have trouble(difficult) doing sth 做某事有困难。定语 从句部分是I have had (great trouble)treating the patient.而patient 后又 有一个定语从句。答案是C。 例7． This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 分析：答案是B。这里的time不指时间，而是次数。所以用that引导。 例8．I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 分析：此题先行词是the way，用。。。方式的短语是in this way。所以定语从 句应该是in which you laugh at her。但习惯上也可说that you laugh at her。或者什么也不用you laugh at her。答案是 A。 专项训练
1．____ have plenty of money will help their friend. A.Those who B.He who C.That who D.You who 2.This is the longest train _____ I have ever seen. A.which B.that C.what D.whom 3.____ we all know, swimming is a very good sport. A. Which B.That C.As D.Who 4.I shall never forget those years _____ I lived in the farm ____ you visited last week. A.when,where B.which,which C.when , which D.which , where 5.The radio set ___ last week has gone wrong. A.I bought it B.which I bought it C.I bought D.what I bought 6.He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ____ hadn’t been cleaned fot at least a year. A.these B.them C.that D.which 7.The day will come _____ the people all over the world will win liberation. A.that B.where C.which D.when 8.Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who ____ in A.works B.is working C.are working D.has been working 9.They talked for about an hour of things and persons ____ they remembered in the school. A.which B.that C.who D.whom 10.My glasses, ____ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. A.which B.with which C.without which D.that 11.He is a man of great experience, _____ much can be learned. A.who B.from him C.from whom D.whom 12.A harvester is a machine ____ we harvest crops or a person ____ is harvesting. A.which , who B.that , that C.with which , who D./, that 13.I have bought the same dress ____ she is wearing. A.as B.that C.which D.what 14.In the police station I saw the man from ___ room the thief had stolen the TV set. A.whom B.which C.that D.whose 15.Chapin, _____ money was now no problem , start a new film company with his friends. A.whose B.which C.for whom D.who 16.Please put the letter _____ he can easily find it. A.in which B.where C.the place where D.in the place 17.The house ______ there is a big tree was built more than 1000 years ago. A.which B.that C.in the front of which D.in front of which 18.Antarctic ,____ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A.which B.where C.that D.about which 19.The reason ____ I was away from school is ____ I was ill yesterday. A.that , that B.why , why C.why, that D.that , why 20.It was a meeting ______ importance I didn’t realize at that time. A.which B.of which C.that D.whose 21.She was ____ I met at the party , ___ you knew. A.who , whom B.whom , who C.the one , as D.the one , whose 22.They have decided to stay at home, ____ , I think , ___ a wise choice. A.which , are B.which , is C.that , are D.that , is 23.All the apples ___ fell down were eaten by the pigs. A.those B.that C.which D.what 24.Did you see the man ____ ? A.I nodded just now B.whom I nodded just now C.whom I nodded to him D.whom I nodded to just now 25.I, ___ your good friend, will try my best to help you. A.who is B.who am C.that is D.what is 26.---How do you like the book? ---It’s quite different from ____ I read last month. A.that B.which C.the one what D.the one 27.Is oxgen the only gas ____ helps fire burn? A.that B./ C.which D.it
28. I’ll tell you ___ he told me last week. A.all which B.all what C.that all D.all 31.She heard a terible noise , ____brought her heart into her mouth. A.it B.which C.this D.that (NMET’ 91) 32.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ____ family was poor. A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose (NMET’ 89) 33.The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A.what B.which C.that D.it (NMET’ 92) 34.After living in A.which B.where C.that D.when (NMET’ 96) 35.I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers. A.that, which B.when , which C.which , that D.when , who (上海’ 94) 36. A.it B.that C.which D.he (NMET’ 91)
定语从句专题练习 同学们在定语从句的复习中应该注意以下要点： （一）。关系代词that和which 使用时应注意的几点 1． 在下列情况下只用that，不用which ① 先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, the one等不定代词时 There is nothing ( that ) I can do. I mean the one that was brought yesterday. ② 先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little, much等词修饰时 I have read all the books (that) you gave me. You may take home any of these books that you like. ③ 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 This is the first composition (that)he has written in English. This is the best novel (that) I have ever read. ④先行词被the only, the very(正是,恰是), the same, the last修饰时 The white flower is the only one ( that) I really like. This is the very book (that) I want to find. The last place( that) we visited was the hospital. This is the same watch that I lost yesterday. ⑤ 当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用that 引导 (that既可指人也可指物) He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 2． 下列情况不能使用that,而用which ① that 不能引导非限制性定语从句 Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. ② that不能置于介词之后（介词后指物用which,指人用whom） The person to whom I am speaking just now is our English teacher. The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bicycle. （二）。as 做关系代词的用法 1． 关系代词常出现在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等结构中 This is not such a book as I expected. I live in the same building as he (lives in). Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. As many children as came here were my father’s pupils. ★ the same…that…和the same…as…的区别 I have bought the same watch as you have. 我买了一块和你一样的手表。（我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一块。） This is the same watch that I lost. 这就是我丢的那块手表。（这手表和我丢的手表是同一块） 2． as引导非限制性定语从句，指代逗号前的整个句子（即先行词），可置于句首或句末。 This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see. Mary was late for school, as often happened. As is known to all, the earth is round. ★ as 指代一句话和which 指代一句话的用法区别 as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如： 1．as has been said before 如上所述 2．as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样 3．as is well known 众所周知 4．as was expected 正如预料的那样 5．as has been already pointed out 正如已经指出的那样 6．as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样 which则不需要，例如： The man died last night, which is a lie. as 替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末，而which只能放句末。
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